samedi 28 mai 2011

L’Afrique championne de l’innovation jamais commercialisée

Les laboratoires de santé africains rivalisent d’ingéniosité pour combattre les maladies du continent. Malheureusement, ces efforts restent vains le plus souvent aujourd’hui faute de soutien politique et financier, selon des études publiées dimanche 12 décembre. Des études publiées dans Science et BioMed Central, identifient ainsi 25 « technologies stagnantes » restées dans les cartons faute d’avoir passé le cap de la fabrication industrielle ou de la commercialisation. « Initiées le plus souvent par des entrepreneurs, des technologies innovantes et peu coûteuses pour améliorer la santé se développent à travers tout le continent », estime Ken Simiyu, responsable de l’étude pour le compte de l’organisation non gouvernementale canadienne Mc Laughlin-Rotman Centre (MRC).

Mais « les fruits de ces efforts nécessitent d’être cultivés avec soin par les donateurs (internationaux) et les gouvernements », poursuit M. Simiyu. A l’issue d’un tour d’Afrique des laboratoires – Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Rwanda, Afrique du Sud, Tanzanie et Ouganda – ce Kényan a notamment découvert les innovations « dormantes » suivantes:

- un kit mobile de diagnostic bon marché de la bilharziose, maladie parasitaire tropicale affectant 200 millions de personnes, mis au point par l’Institut de recherche médicale Noguchi à Accra (Ghana).

- un incinérateur portable bon marché de déchets médicaux, particulièrement adapté pour les vaccinations en masse en zones rurales, mis au point par l’Université de Makerere (Ouganda) et approuvé par l’Organisation mondiale pour la santé.

- un médicament anti-paludisme, le Nibima, à base de plantes traditionnelles en cours de développement au Centre de recherche scientifique pour les médecines à base de plantes au Ghana.

Des innovations « invisibles »
L’absence de commercialisation de ces produits « n’est pas qu’un problème financier. C’est un problème général lié à l’innovation, ce qui inclut des questions à la fois politiques et financières », a expliqué M. Simiyu à l’AFP. Il est vrai que les pays africains consacrent en moyenne 0,2 à 0,3 pc de leur richesse nationale à la recherche et au développement, dix fois moins proportionnellement que les pays développés (2 à 3 pc). Mais les concepteurs de ces innovations se sont trouvés dépourvus non seulement d’argent, mais aussi de contacts et de compétences pour aborder les stades de l’homologation, de la fabrication et de la commercialisation.

A base de plantes

L’Institut de recherche médicale du Kenya (KEMRI) a ainsi construit une unité de fabrication de kits de diagnostic du sida et de l’hépatite B. Mais peu de temps après, le gouvernement kényan a changé ses critères d’achat de diagnostics, rendant caduc le nouveau site de production. De la même manière, au Nigeria, l’Institut national pour la recherche pharmaceutique et le développement (NIPRD) a mis au point un des très rares traitements sans toxicité grave contre l’anémie falciforme, une maladie du sang héréditaire, répandue en Afrique et chez les Afro-américains des Etats-Unis et du Canada.

Ce traitement, le Niprisan, a été homologué par les autorités américaines de la Food and Drug Administration, mais sa commercialisation a échoué en raison de problèmes de production, de contrôle de qualité et de distribution. Parmi les « african success stories », à l’inverse, figurent l’entreprise tanzanienne A to Z Textiles, premier fabricant africain de moustiquaires imprégnées, et l’Institut malgache de recherche appliqué (IMRA) qui s’est inspiré de traitements traditionnels pour produire un traitement contre le diabète, le Madeglucyl.

Seize des 25 innovations citées s’inspirent de traitements traditionnels à base de plantes, « la piste la plus prometteuse » selon M. Simiyu.

Source: Jeune Afrique
http://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/notes/humanit%C3%A9s-classiques-africaines/lafrique-championne-de-linnovation-jamais-commercialis%C3%A9e/10150186307824637

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